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@ -39,5 +39,5 @@ extended morphologies.
**References** **References**
- Wang, Tingwu, Renjie Liao, Jimmy Ba, en S. Fidler. NerveNet: Learning Structured Policy with Graph Neural Networks. Conference paper presented bij International Conference on Learning Representations. 15 februari 2018. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/NerveNet:-Learning-Structured-Policy-with-Graph-Wang-Liao/249408527106d7595d45dd761dd53c83e5a02613. - Wang, Tingwu, Renjie Liao, Jimmy Ba, and S. Fidler. NerveNet: Learning Structured Policy with Graph Neural Networks. Conference paper presented at International Conference on Learning Representations. 15 February 2018. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/NerveNet:-Learning-Structured-Policy-with-Graph-Wang-Liao/249408527106d7595d45dd761dd53c83e5a02613.
- Huang, Wenlong, Igor Mordatch, en Deepak Pathak. One Policy to Control Them All: Shared Modular Policies for Agent-Agnostic Control. arXiv:2007.04976. Preprint, arXiv, 9 juli 2020. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2007.04976. - Huang, Wenlong, Igor Mordatch, and Deepak Pathak. One Policy to Control Them All: Shared Modular Policies for Agent-Agnostic Control. arXiv:2007.04976. Preprint, arXiv, 9 July 2020. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2007.04976.

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@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ the communicated inner-states, and an MLP that outputs the actions for that arm.
across the arms. The controllers in each arm are connected to each other and form a fully connected graph. There is no across the arms. The controllers in each arm are connected to each other and form a fully connected graph. There is no
central disk, but the controllers are fully connected. central disk, but the controllers are fully connected.
3. **Ring arm-level**: Identical setup to the fully connected arm-level, but the controllers are connected in a ring 3. **Ring arm-level**: Identical setup to the fully connected arm-level, but the controllers are connected in a ring
structure. This setup is considered less centralised than the fully connected graph. structure. This setup is considered less centralized than the fully connected graph.
4. **Segment-level**: Each segment contains the three MLPs discussed above. The base segments, attached to the body, 4. **Segment-level**: Each segment contains the three MLPs discussed above. The base segments, attached to the body,
form a ring structure, with the remaining segments attached as extended "strings". Segments can only communicate with form a ring structure, with the remaining segments attached as extended "strings". Segments can only communicate with
segments that are physically connected to it. segments that are physically connected to it.
@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ segments that are physically connected to it.
To fairly compare decentralized modularity against centralized control, the decentralized models should not be allowed To fairly compare decentralized modularity against centralized control, the decentralized models should not be allowed
to contain a central organ acting as a bottleneck or coordinator. By removing the central disk in the decentralized to contain a central organ acting as a bottleneck or coordinator. By removing the central disk in the decentralized
models and replacing it with a ring topology, we closely approximate the biological reality of the brittle star and test models and replacing it with a ring topology, we closely approximate the biological reality of the brittle star and test
a decentralized morphology. a decentralized morphology.
The fully connected graph functions as an intermediate step in between a fully centralised and a decentralised ring. We The fully connected graph functions as an intermediate step in between a fully centralized and a decentralized ring. We
use it to test if the scaling of our models to more complex structures. use it to test whether our models scale to more complex structures.

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@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ failures.
Alternative learning algorithms include: Alternative learning algorithms include:
- **Twin Delayed DDPG (Fujimoto et al., 2018)**: TD3 is a strong off-policy alternative used in the SMP paper (Huang et - **Twin Delayed DDPG (Fujimoto et al., 2018)**: TD3 is a strong off-policy alternative used in the SMP paper (Huang et
al., 2020). It is highly sample-efficient and reportedly excels at zero-shot adaptions. However, this approach would be al., 2020). It is highly sample-efficient and reportedly excels at zero-shot adaptations. However, this approach would be
more complex and error-prone than with PPO. more complex and error-prone than with PPO.
- **Evolution strategies (ES)**: Evolution strategies are useful for optimizing Central Pattern Generators (CPGs), e.g. - **Evolution strategies (ES)**: Evolution strategies are useful for optimizing Central Pattern Generators (CPGs), e.g.
CMA-ES, OpenAI-ES. While this method is easier to distribute and parallelize, ES typically scales worse with CMA-ES, OpenAI-ES. While this method is easier to distribute and parallelize, ES typically scales worse with
@ -25,6 +25,6 @@ exceptionally large observation spaces compared to gradient-based RL methods lik
**References** **References**
- Fujimoto, Scott, Herke Hoof, en David Meger. Addressing Function Approximation Error in Actor-Critic Methods. Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Machine Learning, 3 juli 2018, 1587-96. https://proceedings.mlr.press/v80/fujimoto18a.html. - Fujimoto, Scott, Herke Hoof, and David Meger. Addressing Function Approximation Error in Actor-Critic Methods. Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Machine Learning, 3 July 2018, 1587-96. https://proceedings.mlr.press/v80/fujimoto18a.html.
- Huang, Wenlong, Igor Mordatch, en Deepak Pathak. One Policy to Control Them All: Shared Modular Policies for Agent-Agnostic Control. arXiv:2007.04976. Preprint, arXiv, 9 juli 2020. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2007.04976. - Huang, Wenlong, Igor Mordatch, and Deepak Pathak. One Policy to Control Them All: Shared Modular Policies for Agent-Agnostic Control. arXiv:2007.04976. Preprint, arXiv, 9 July 2020. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2007.04976.
- Schulman, John, Filip Wolski, Prafulla Dhariwal, Alec Radford, en Oleg Klimov. Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithms. arXiv:1707.06347. Preprint, arXiv, 28 augustus 2017. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1707.06347. - Schulman, John, Filip Wolski, Prafulla Dhariwal, Alec Radford, and Oleg Klimov. Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithms. arXiv:1707.06347. Preprint, arXiv, 28 August 2017. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1707.06347.

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@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ The robot needs to know whether its movements contribute to the ultimate goal of
inputs must be distributed fairly to guarantee an objective comparison between different architectures. inputs must be distributed fairly to guarantee an objective comparison between different architectures.
- The distance from the robot to the target and/or the light intensity are treated as global inputs. - The distance from the robot to the target and/or the light intensity are treated as global inputs.
- Positions and joints, normalized to floating-point values between 0 and 1 are considered local inputs. - Positions and joints, which are normalized to floating-point values between 0 and 1, are considered local inputs.
- The reward function is centered around minimizing the distance to the goal or maximizing the movement towards the goal - The reward function is centered around minimizing the distance to the goal or maximizing the movement towards the goal
within a finite number of timesteps $T$. within a finite number of timesteps $T$.
## Rationale ## Rationale