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@ -39,5 +39,5 @@ extended morphologies.
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**References**
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**References**
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- Wang, Tingwu, Renjie Liao, Jimmy Ba, en S. Fidler. ‘NerveNet: Learning Structured Policy with Graph Neural Networks’. Conference paper presented bij International Conference on Learning Representations. 15 februari 2018. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/NerveNet:-Learning-Structured-Policy-with-Graph-Wang-Liao/249408527106d7595d45dd761dd53c83e5a02613.
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- Wang, Tingwu, Renjie Liao, Jimmy Ba, and S. Fidler. ‘NerveNet: Learning Structured Policy with Graph Neural Networks’. Conference paper presented at International Conference on Learning Representations. 15 February 2018. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/NerveNet:-Learning-Structured-Policy-with-Graph-Wang-Liao/249408527106d7595d45dd761dd53c83e5a02613.
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- Huang, Wenlong, Igor Mordatch, en Deepak Pathak. ‘One Policy to Control Them All: Shared Modular Policies for Agent-Agnostic Control’. arXiv:2007.04976. Preprint, arXiv, 9 juli 2020. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2007.04976.
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- Huang, Wenlong, Igor Mordatch, and Deepak Pathak. ‘One Policy to Control Them All: Shared Modular Policies for Agent-Agnostic Control’. arXiv:2007.04976. Preprint, arXiv, 9 July 2020. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2007.04976.
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@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ the communicated inner-states, and an MLP that outputs the actions for that arm.
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across the arms. The controllers in each arm are connected to each other and form a fully connected graph. There is no
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across the arms. The controllers in each arm are connected to each other and form a fully connected graph. There is no
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central disk, but the controllers are fully connected.
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central disk, but the controllers are fully connected.
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3. **Ring arm-level**: Identical setup to the fully connected arm-level, but the controllers are connected in a ring
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3. **Ring arm-level**: Identical setup to the fully connected arm-level, but the controllers are connected in a ring
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structure. This setup is considered less centralised than the fully connected graph.
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structure. This setup is considered less centralized than the fully connected graph.
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4. **Segment-level**: Each segment contains the three MLPs discussed above. The base segments, attached to the body,
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4. **Segment-level**: Each segment contains the three MLPs discussed above. The base segments, attached to the body,
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form a ring structure, with the remaining segments attached as extended "strings". Segments can only communicate with
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form a ring structure, with the remaining segments attached as extended "strings". Segments can only communicate with
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segments that are physically connected to it.
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segments that are physically connected to it.
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@ -24,5 +24,5 @@ to contain a central organ acting as a bottleneck or coordinator. By removing th
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models and replacing it with a ring topology, we closely approximate the biological reality of the brittle star and test
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models and replacing it with a ring topology, we closely approximate the biological reality of the brittle star and test
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a decentralized morphology.
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a decentralized morphology.
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The fully connected graph functions as an intermediate step in between a fully centralised and a decentralised ring. We
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The fully connected graph functions as an intermediate step in between a fully centralized and a decentralized ring. We
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use it to test if the scaling of our models to more complex structures.
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use it to test whether our models scale to more complex structures.
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@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ failures.
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Alternative learning algorithms include:
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Alternative learning algorithms include:
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- **Twin Delayed DDPG (Fujimoto et al., 2018)**: TD3 is a strong off-policy alternative used in the SMP paper (Huang et
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- **Twin Delayed DDPG (Fujimoto et al., 2018)**: TD3 is a strong off-policy alternative used in the SMP paper (Huang et
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al., 2020). It is highly sample-efficient and reportedly excels at zero-shot adaptions. However, this approach would be
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al., 2020). It is highly sample-efficient and reportedly excels at zero-shot adaptations. However, this approach would be
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more complex and error-prone than with PPO.
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more complex and error-prone than with PPO.
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- **Evolution strategies (ES)**: Evolution strategies are useful for optimizing Central Pattern Generators (CPGs), e.g.
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- **Evolution strategies (ES)**: Evolution strategies are useful for optimizing Central Pattern Generators (CPGs), e.g.
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CMA-ES, OpenAI-ES. While this method is easier to distribute and parallelize, ES typically scales worse with
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CMA-ES, OpenAI-ES. While this method is easier to distribute and parallelize, ES typically scales worse with
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@ -25,6 +25,6 @@ exceptionally large observation spaces compared to gradient-based RL methods lik
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**References**
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**References**
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- Fujimoto, Scott, Herke Hoof, en David Meger. ‘Addressing Function Approximation Error in Actor-Critic Methods’. Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Machine Learning, 3 juli 2018, 1587-96. https://proceedings.mlr.press/v80/fujimoto18a.html.
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- Fujimoto, Scott, Herke Hoof, and David Meger. ‘Addressing Function Approximation Error in Actor-Critic Methods’. Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Machine Learning, 3 July 2018, 1587-96. https://proceedings.mlr.press/v80/fujimoto18a.html.
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- Huang, Wenlong, Igor Mordatch, en Deepak Pathak. ‘One Policy to Control Them All: Shared Modular Policies for Agent-Agnostic Control’. arXiv:2007.04976. Preprint, arXiv, 9 juli 2020. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2007.04976.
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- Huang, Wenlong, Igor Mordatch, and Deepak Pathak. ‘One Policy to Control Them All: Shared Modular Policies for Agent-Agnostic Control’. arXiv:2007.04976. Preprint, arXiv, 9 July 2020. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2007.04976.
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- Schulman, John, Filip Wolski, Prafulla Dhariwal, Alec Radford, en Oleg Klimov. ‘Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithms’. arXiv:1707.06347. Preprint, arXiv, 28 augustus 2017. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1707.06347.
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- Schulman, John, Filip Wolski, Prafulla Dhariwal, Alec Radford, and Oleg Klimov. ‘Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithms’. arXiv:1707.06347. Preprint, arXiv, 28 August 2017. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1707.06347.
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@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ The robot needs to know whether its movements contribute to the ultimate goal of
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inputs must be distributed fairly to guarantee an objective comparison between different architectures.
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inputs must be distributed fairly to guarantee an objective comparison between different architectures.
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- The distance from the robot to the target and/or the light intensity are treated as global inputs.
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- The distance from the robot to the target and/or the light intensity are treated as global inputs.
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- Positions and joints, normalized to floating-point values between 0 and 1 are considered local inputs.
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- Positions and joints, which are normalized to floating-point values between 0 and 1, are considered local inputs.
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- The reward function is centered around minimizing the distance to the goal or maximizing the movement towards the goal
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- The reward function is centered around minimizing the distance to the goal or maximizing the movement towards the goal
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within a finite number of timesteps $T$.
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within a finite number of timesteps $T$.
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## Rationale
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## Rationale
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