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@ -39,5 +39,5 @@ extended morphologies.
**References**
- Wang, Tingwu, Renjie Liao, Jimmy Ba, en S. Fidler. NerveNet: Learning Structured Policy with Graph Neural Networks. Conference paper presented bij International Conference on Learning Representations. 15 februari 2018. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/NerveNet:-Learning-Structured-Policy-with-Graph-Wang-Liao/249408527106d7595d45dd761dd53c83e5a02613.
- Huang, Wenlong, Igor Mordatch, en Deepak Pathak. One Policy to Control Them All: Shared Modular Policies for Agent-Agnostic Control. arXiv:2007.04976. Preprint, arXiv, 9 juli 2020. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2007.04976.
- Wang, Tingwu, Renjie Liao, Jimmy Ba, and S. Fidler. NerveNet: Learning Structured Policy with Graph Neural Networks. Conference paper presented at International Conference on Learning Representations. 15 February 2018. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/NerveNet:-Learning-Structured-Policy-with-Graph-Wang-Liao/249408527106d7595d45dd761dd53c83e5a02613.
- Huang, Wenlong, Igor Mordatch, and Deepak Pathak. One Policy to Control Them All: Shared Modular Policies for Agent-Agnostic Control. arXiv:2007.04976. Preprint, arXiv, 9 July 2020. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2007.04976.

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@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ the communicated inner-states, and an MLP that outputs the actions for that arm.
across the arms. The controllers in each arm are connected to each other and form a fully connected graph. There is no
central disk, but the controllers are fully connected.
3. **Ring arm-level**: Identical setup to the fully connected arm-level, but the controllers are connected in a ring
structure. This setup is considered less centralised than the fully connected graph.
structure. This setup is considered less centralized than the fully connected graph.
4. **Segment-level**: Each segment contains the three MLPs discussed above. The base segments, attached to the body,
form a ring structure, with the remaining segments attached as extended "strings". Segments can only communicate with
segments that are physically connected to it.
@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ segments that are physically connected to it.
To fairly compare decentralized modularity against centralized control, the decentralized models should not be allowed
to contain a central organ acting as a bottleneck or coordinator. By removing the central disk in the decentralized
models and replacing it with a ring topology, we closely approximate the biological reality of the brittle star and test
a decentralized morphology.
a decentralized morphology.
The fully connected graph functions as an intermediate step in between a fully centralised and a decentralised ring. We
use it to test if the scaling of our models to more complex structures.
The fully connected graph functions as an intermediate step in between a fully centralized and a decentralized ring. We
use it to test whether our models scale to more complex structures.

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@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ failures.
Alternative learning algorithms include:
- **Twin Delayed DDPG (Fujimoto et al., 2018)**: TD3 is a strong off-policy alternative used in the SMP paper (Huang et
al., 2020). It is highly sample-efficient and reportedly excels at zero-shot adaptions. However, this approach would be
al., 2020). It is highly sample-efficient and reportedly excels at zero-shot adaptations. However, this approach would be
more complex and error-prone than with PPO.
- **Evolution strategies (ES)**: Evolution strategies are useful for optimizing Central Pattern Generators (CPGs), e.g.
CMA-ES, OpenAI-ES. While this method is easier to distribute and parallelize, ES typically scales worse with
@ -25,6 +25,6 @@ exceptionally large observation spaces compared to gradient-based RL methods lik
**References**
- Fujimoto, Scott, Herke Hoof, en David Meger. Addressing Function Approximation Error in Actor-Critic Methods. Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Machine Learning, 3 juli 2018, 1587-96. https://proceedings.mlr.press/v80/fujimoto18a.html.
- Huang, Wenlong, Igor Mordatch, en Deepak Pathak. One Policy to Control Them All: Shared Modular Policies for Agent-Agnostic Control. arXiv:2007.04976. Preprint, arXiv, 9 juli 2020. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2007.04976.
- Schulman, John, Filip Wolski, Prafulla Dhariwal, Alec Radford, en Oleg Klimov. Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithms. arXiv:1707.06347. Preprint, arXiv, 28 augustus 2017. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1707.06347.
- Fujimoto, Scott, Herke Hoof, and David Meger. Addressing Function Approximation Error in Actor-Critic Methods. Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Machine Learning, 3 July 2018, 1587-96. https://proceedings.mlr.press/v80/fujimoto18a.html.
- Huang, Wenlong, Igor Mordatch, and Deepak Pathak. One Policy to Control Them All: Shared Modular Policies for Agent-Agnostic Control. arXiv:2007.04976. Preprint, arXiv, 9 July 2020. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2007.04976.
- Schulman, John, Filip Wolski, Prafulla Dhariwal, Alec Radford, and Oleg Klimov. Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithms. arXiv:1707.06347. Preprint, arXiv, 28 August 2017. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1707.06347.

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@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ The robot needs to know whether its movements contribute to the ultimate goal of
inputs must be distributed fairly to guarantee an objective comparison between different architectures.
- The distance from the robot to the target and/or the light intensity are treated as global inputs.
- Positions and joints, normalized to floating-point values between 0 and 1 are considered local inputs.
- Positions and joints, which are normalized to floating-point values between 0 and 1, are considered local inputs.
- The reward function is centered around minimizing the distance to the goal or maximizing the movement towards the goal
within a finite number of timesteps $T$.
within a finite number of timesteps $T$.
## Rationale