diff --git a/backend/src/controllers/learning-objects.ts b/backend/src/controllers/learning-objects.ts
index 14d200ce..ab850d6a 100644
--- a/backend/src/controllers/learning-objects.ts
+++ b/backend/src/controllers/learning-objects.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import { FilteredLearningObject, LearningObjectIdentifier, LearningPathIdentifie
 import learningObjectService from '../services/learning-objects/learning-object-service.js';
 import { envVars, getEnvVar } from '../util/envVars.js';
 import { Language } from '../entities/content/language.js';
-import { BadRequestException } from '../exceptions.js';
+import { BadRequestException } from '../exceptions/badRequestException.js';
 import attachmentService from '../services/learning-objects/attachment-service.js';
 import { NotFoundError } from '@mikro-orm/core';
 
diff --git a/backend/src/controllers/learning-paths.ts b/backend/src/controllers/learning-paths.ts
index 37f92d91..90266fb9 100644
--- a/backend/src/controllers/learning-paths.ts
+++ b/backend/src/controllers/learning-paths.ts
@@ -2,13 +2,14 @@ import { Request, Response } from 'express';
 import { themes } from '../data/themes.js';
 import { FALLBACK_LANG } from '../config.js';
 import learningPathService from '../services/learning-paths/learning-path-service.js';
-import { BadRequestException, NotFoundException } from '../exceptions.js';
+import { BadRequestException } from '../exceptions/badRequestException.js';
 import { Language } from '../entities/content/language.js';
 import {
     PersonalizationTarget,
     personalizedForGroup,
     personalizedForStudent,
 } from '../services/learning-paths/learning-path-personalization-util.js';
+import { NotFoundException } from '../exceptions/notFoundException.js';
 
 /**
  * Fetch learning paths based on query parameters.
diff --git a/backend/src/entities/content/educational-goal.entity.ts b/backend/src/entities/content/educational-goal.entity.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fafe1a01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/src/entities/content/educational-goal.entity.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import { Embeddable, Property } from '@mikro-orm/core';
+
+@Embeddable()
+export class EducationalGoal {
+    @Property({ type: 'string' })
+    source!: string;
+
+    @Property({ type: 'string' })
+    id!: string;
+}
diff --git a/backend/src/entities/content/learning-object.entity.ts b/backend/src/entities/content/learning-object.entity.ts
index 9eda22ba..a0da9d7b 100644
--- a/backend/src/entities/content/learning-object.entity.ts
+++ b/backend/src/entities/content/learning-object.entity.ts
@@ -1,28 +1,12 @@
-import { Embeddable, Embedded, Entity, Enum, ManyToMany, OneToMany, PrimaryKey, Property } from '@mikro-orm/core';
+import { Embedded, Entity, Enum, ManyToMany, OneToMany, PrimaryKey, Property } from '@mikro-orm/core';
 import { Language } from './language.js';
 import { Attachment } from './attachment.entity.js';
 import { Teacher } from '../users/teacher.entity.js';
 import { DwengoContentType } from '../../services/learning-objects/processing/content-type.js';
 import { v4 } from 'uuid';
 import { LearningObjectRepository } from '../../data/content/learning-object-repository.js';
-
-@Embeddable()
-export class EducationalGoal {
-    @Property({ type: 'string' })
-    source!: string;
-
-    @Property({ type: 'string' })
-    id!: string;
-}
-
-@Embeddable()
-export class ReturnValue {
-    @Property({ type: 'string' })
-    callbackUrl!: string;
-
-    @Property({ type: 'json' })
-    callbackSchema!: string;
-}
+import { EducationalGoal } from './educational-goal.entity.js';
+import { ReturnValue } from './return-value.entity.js';
 
 @Entity({ repository: () => LearningObjectRepository })
 export class LearningObject {
diff --git a/backend/src/entities/content/return-value.entity.ts b/backend/src/entities/content/return-value.entity.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d38b0693
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/src/entities/content/return-value.entity.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import { Embeddable, Property } from '@mikro-orm/core';
+
+@Embeddable()
+export class ReturnValue {
+    @Property({ type: 'string' })
+    callbackUrl!: string;
+
+    @Property({ type: 'json' })
+    callbackSchema!: string;
+}
diff --git a/backend/src/exceptions.ts b/backend/src/exceptions.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index e93a6c93..00000000
--- a/backend/src/exceptions.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * Exception for HTTP 400 Bad Request
- */
-export class BadRequestException extends Error {
-    public status = 400;
-
-    constructor(error: string) {
-        super(error);
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * Exception for HTTP 401 Unauthorized
- */
-export class UnauthorizedException extends Error {
-    status = 401;
-    constructor(message: string = 'Unauthorized') {
-        super(message);
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * Exception for HTTP 403 Forbidden
- */
-export class ForbiddenException extends Error {
-    status = 403;
-
-    constructor(message: string = 'Forbidden') {
-        super(message);
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * Exception for HTTP 404 Not Found
- */
-export class NotFoundException extends Error {
-    public status = 404;
-
-    constructor(error: string) {
-        super(error);
-    }
-}
diff --git a/backend/src/exceptions/badRequestException.ts b/backend/src/exceptions/badRequestException.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7249fcc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/src/exceptions/badRequestException.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+import { HttpException } from './httpException.js';
+
+/**
+ * Exception for HTTP 400 Bad Request
+ */
+
+export class BadRequestException extends HttpException {
+    constructor(message: string = 'Bad Request') {
+        super(400, message);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/backend/src/exceptions/forbiddenException.ts b/backend/src/exceptions/forbiddenException.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f452e390
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/src/exceptions/forbiddenException.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import { HttpException } from './httpException.js';
+
+/**
+ * Exception for HTTP 403 Forbidden
+ */
+export class ForbiddenException extends HttpException {
+    constructor(message: string = 'Forbidden') {
+        super(403, message);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/backend/src/exceptions/httpException.ts b/backend/src/exceptions/httpException.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..364def5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/src/exceptions/httpException.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+export class HttpException extends Error {
+    constructor(
+        public status: number,
+        message: string
+    ) {
+        super(message);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/backend/src/exceptions/notFoundException.ts b/backend/src/exceptions/notFoundException.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b5c6a916
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/src/exceptions/notFoundException.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import { HttpException } from './httpException.js';
+
+/**
+ * Exception for HTTP 404 Not Found
+ */
+export class NotFoundException extends HttpException {
+    constructor(message: string = 'Not Found') {
+        super(404, message);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/backend/src/exceptions/unauthorizedException.ts b/backend/src/exceptions/unauthorizedException.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..51ce04d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/src/exceptions/unauthorizedException.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import { HttpException } from './httpException.js';
+
+/**
+ * Exception for HTTP 401 Unauthorized
+ */
+export class UnauthorizedException extends HttpException {
+    constructor(message: string = 'Unauthorized') {
+        super(401, message);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/backend/src/middleware/auth/auth.ts b/backend/src/middleware/auth/auth.ts
index 345bfa59..6d793590 100644
--- a/backend/src/middleware/auth/auth.ts
+++ b/backend/src/middleware/auth/auth.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ import jwksClient from 'jwks-rsa';
 import * as express from 'express';
 import { AuthenticatedRequest } from './authenticated-request.js';
 import { AuthenticationInfo } from './authentication-info.js';
-import { ForbiddenException, UnauthorizedException } from '../../exceptions.js';
+import { UnauthorizedException } from '../../exceptions/unauthorizedException.js';
+import { ForbiddenException } from '../../exceptions/forbiddenException.js';
 
 const JWKS_CACHE = true;
 const JWKS_RATE_LIMIT = true;
diff --git a/backend/src/util/envVars.ts b/backend/src/util/envVars.ts
index aed0bebd..09287788 100644
--- a/backend/src/util/envVars.ts
+++ b/backend/src/util/envVars.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,11 @@ const STUDENT_IDP_PREFIX = IDP_PREFIX + 'STUDENT_';
 const TEACHER_IDP_PREFIX = IDP_PREFIX + 'TEACHER_';
 const CORS_PREFIX = PREFIX + 'CORS_';
 
-interface EnvVar { key: string; required?: boolean; defaultValue?: number | string | boolean }
+interface EnvVar {
+    key: string;
+    required?: boolean;
+    defaultValue?: number | string | boolean;
+}
 
 export const envVars: { [key: string]: EnvVar } = {
     Port: { key: PREFIX + 'PORT', defaultValue: 3000 },
diff --git a/backend/tests/test-assets/learning-objects/pn-werkingnotebooks/pn-werkingnotebooks-example.ts b/backend/tests/test-assets/learning-objects/pn-werkingnotebooks/pn-werkingnotebooks-example.ts
index 34f49e64..835a0ed0 100644
--- a/backend/tests/test-assets/learning-objects/pn-werkingnotebooks/pn-werkingnotebooks-example.ts
+++ b/backend/tests/test-assets/learning-objects/pn-werkingnotebooks/pn-werkingnotebooks-example.ts
@@ -2,9 +2,11 @@ import { LearningObjectExample } from '../learning-object-example';
 import { Language } from '../../../../src/entities/content/language';
 import { DwengoContentType } from '../../../../src/services/learning-objects/processing/content-type';
 import { loadTestAsset } from '../../../test-utils/load-test-asset';
-import { EducationalGoal, LearningObject, ReturnValue } from '../../../../src/entities/content/learning-object.entity';
+import { LearningObject } from '../../../../src/entities/content/learning-object.entity';
 import { Attachment } from '../../../../src/entities/content/attachment.entity';
 import { envVars, getEnvVar } from '../../../../src/util/envVars';
+import { EducationalGoal } from '../../../../src/entities/content/educational-goal.entity';
+import { ReturnValue } from '../../../../src/entities/content/return-value.entity';
 
 const ASSETS_PREFIX = 'learning-objects/pn-werkingnotebooks/';
 
diff --git a/backend/tests/test_assets/content/learning-objects.testdata.ts b/backend/tests/test_assets/content/learning-objects.testdata.ts
index e45bdea0..ba2c230a 100644
--- a/backend/tests/test_assets/content/learning-objects.testdata.ts
+++ b/backend/tests/test_assets/content/learning-objects.testdata.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 import { EntityManager } from '@mikro-orm/core';
-import { LearningObject, ReturnValue } from '../../../src/entities/content/learning-object.entity';
+import { LearningObject } from '../../../src/entities/content/learning-object.entity';
 import { Language } from '../../../src/entities/content/language';
 import { DwengoContentType } from '../../../src/services/learning-objects/processing/content-type';
+import { ReturnValue } from '../../../src/entities/content/return-value.entity';
 
 export function makeTestLearningObjects(em: EntityManager): Array<LearningObject> {
     const returnValue: ReturnValue = new ReturnValue();